Tall Stories and Grand Designs
Ashley Walk's Role in the Development of Airborne Ordnance
Written by Richard Hall
All images by Richard Hall unless otherwise stated.
All images by Richard Hall unless otherwise stated.
The New Forest, located in the southern county of Hampshire, is one of Britain's best-known National Parks. It is famous for its ponies and areas of tranquil natural beauty. Anyone familiar with the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams' work will understand that it was this type of landscape that would have inspired him to write his musical masterpieces. The term quintessentially English can be applied, and there would be little or no argument over its use. With vast areas of tracks, trails, quaint chocolate box villages and views to the horizon that take in all points of the compass, it is very popular for those with a love for the great outdoors and others who want to indulge in a traditional cream tea.
Today, it is hard to believe that just over 80 years ago, a small area of this rural part of England was set aside for the testing of the then-most destructive forces created by man. Known as Ashley Walk Bombing Range, many of those who walk its vast acres of gently undulating land today will have no concept of its previous use.
The New Forest contributed much to the Second World War. At one time, there were no less than twelve airfields and advanced landing grounds within the vicinity, including well-known names such as Hurn, Stoney Cross, Ibsley, Holmsley, and Lymington. So how did this small area of calm and tranquillity known as Ashley Walk become a site for the sound of falling bombs, explosions, minor earth tremors and the sound of automatic gunfire?
Just before the outbreak of war in September 1939, the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE), then located at Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, was moved to Boscombe Down, Wiltshire. This relocation was considered prudent to put further distance between the Establishment and the threat of Luftwaffe air attacks on the eastern airfields of England, especially since it was so close to the coast. The relocation dictated that an area near the A&AEE's new home would be required to test ordnance, and so the search for a suitable site began.
On 4 December 1939, the New Forest Verderers (officials who oversee the protection and conservation of English forests) considered a proposal submitted by the Air Ministry for a bombing range to be built on a temporary basis near Godshill. There was no objection in principle to the proposal being put into operation for the duration of the war. However, the Verderers asked that the area be fenced off and that it would be made man and pig-proof. In due course, a chain link fence of some 6ft high was erected around the entire site. There were 13 access points to the range, with the main entrance on Snake Road. Here, there was a small guardroom located adjacent to the main gate. Although pigproof, the fencing did not appear to deter small boys, and there are tales of the range being used as a playground during the wartime years by local lads. The site came into use in mid-1940, covered some 5,000 acres, and was controlled by the Armament Squadron of the A&AEE. Being in a fairly remote area, the personnel who operated the range, under the command of senior NCO, Sgt Percy Hockey, were billeted in purpose-built huts opposite the Fighting Cocks pub in Godshill.
Today, it is hard to believe that just over 80 years ago, a small area of this rural part of England was set aside for the testing of the then-most destructive forces created by man. Known as Ashley Walk Bombing Range, many of those who walk its vast acres of gently undulating land today will have no concept of its previous use.
The New Forest contributed much to the Second World War. At one time, there were no less than twelve airfields and advanced landing grounds within the vicinity, including well-known names such as Hurn, Stoney Cross, Ibsley, Holmsley, and Lymington. So how did this small area of calm and tranquillity known as Ashley Walk become a site for the sound of falling bombs, explosions, minor earth tremors and the sound of automatic gunfire?
Just before the outbreak of war in September 1939, the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE), then located at Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, was moved to Boscombe Down, Wiltshire. This relocation was considered prudent to put further distance between the Establishment and the threat of Luftwaffe air attacks on the eastern airfields of England, especially since it was so close to the coast. The relocation dictated that an area near the A&AEE's new home would be required to test ordnance, and so the search for a suitable site began.
On 4 December 1939, the New Forest Verderers (officials who oversee the protection and conservation of English forests) considered a proposal submitted by the Air Ministry for a bombing range to be built on a temporary basis near Godshill. There was no objection in principle to the proposal being put into operation for the duration of the war. However, the Verderers asked that the area be fenced off and that it would be made man and pig-proof. In due course, a chain link fence of some 6ft high was erected around the entire site. There were 13 access points to the range, with the main entrance on Snake Road. Here, there was a small guardroom located adjacent to the main gate. Although pigproof, the fencing did not appear to deter small boys, and there are tales of the range being used as a playground during the wartime years by local lads. The site came into use in mid-1940, covered some 5,000 acres, and was controlled by the Armament Squadron of the A&AEE. Being in a fairly remote area, the personnel who operated the range, under the command of senior NCO, Sgt Percy Hockey, were billeted in purpose-built huts opposite the Fighting Cocks pub in Godshill.
At the time Ashley Walk came into use, Britain was in a perilous position having been forced out of France and with the Battle of Britain about to begin. The country at the time had only one way to take the fight to Germany and that was through the efforts of Bomber Command. It was now more important than ever that the Command had the ordnance that could make a real difference as the war progressed. The range was a vital factor in ensuring the ongoing evolution of weaponry and its effectiveness through testing.
Ashley Walk was an impressive site and had a vast range of facilities, which was just as well as practically every type of bomb, rocket, cannon and machine gun used by the RAF (with the exception of incendiary weapons, as the use of such would set fire to large areas of heather) were tested here between 1940 and 1946. The types of ordnance dropped ranged from small anti-personnel weapons to the 22,000lb Grand Slam deep penetration bomb. The A&AEE tested not only British designs but also those manufactured by the Americans for use within the home nation's aircraft.
Ashley Walk was an impressive site and had a vast range of facilities, which was just as well as practically every type of bomb, rocket, cannon and machine gun used by the RAF (with the exception of incendiary weapons, as the use of such would set fire to large areas of heather) were tested here between 1940 and 1946. The types of ordnance dropped ranged from small anti-personnel weapons to the 22,000lb Grand Slam deep penetration bomb. The A&AEE tested not only British designs but also those manufactured by the Americans for use within the home nation's aircraft.
The range itself was divided into two parts, one of which was set aside for practice. This had a diameter of 2,000 yards and was used for dropping inert bombs up to a height of 14,000ft. It could be operated by either day or night and if night bombing was required, the targets could be illuminated with lights powered by a diesel generator. The area was controlled by a tower located at Hampton Ridge, which was known as the Main Practice Tower.
The second part of the area was known as the High Explosive Range (HER), with a diameter of 4,000 yards and controlled by the North Tower, which was located near the road that ran between Fordingbridge and Cadnam. It could be used to a height of 20,000ft for the dropping of ordnance. The towers at both locations were approximately 30ft high with large windows, which gave a good view of events from the ground. The entire site was under the control of the Range Office.
The second part of the area was known as the High Explosive Range (HER), with a diameter of 4,000 yards and controlled by the North Tower, which was located near the road that ran between Fordingbridge and Cadnam. It could be used to a height of 20,000ft for the dropping of ordnance. The towers at both locations were approximately 30ft high with large windows, which gave a good view of events from the ground. The entire site was under the control of the Range Office.
Amberwood Observation Hut note the V within the brickwork.
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There were three observation huts: one at Amberwood, which still exists to this day, overlooking the fragmentation targets, a filming shelter adjoining No. 2 Target Wall and another on Cockley Hill, which may have served No. 1 Target Wall or the Ship Target.
Transport links to the range were by road, but in addition, two airstrips were built. These were 400 yards long and were for use by small Auster or Piper-type liaison aircraft. They ran south and southwest from the southern edge of what is now Godshill cricket pitch. |
Testing Times
At the start of the Second World War, the range of air-dropped ordnance available to the RAF could be best described as limited and inadequate. As the conflict progressed, heavier bombs were designed and developed to allow the fight to be taken to the enemy on a scale never seen before.
In February 1942, Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command. Around the same time, the RAF began to replace their Wellington, Whitley, Hampden and Blenheim bombers with the larger four-engine Halifax and Lancaster, which could carry a bigger load for a greater distance. Up until this time, the results from the effort expended by the Command in bombing Germany were not reaping the results that had been expected. Harris was brought in to make the Command a more efficient force, something that he did, not without a little (unjust) controversy, until the war's end. It was his view that the way to defeat Germany was by strategic bombing, not only to weaken the country's industrial output but also to reduce civilian morale. Harris was convinced the war could be won from the air without the need for land operations, which would be costly in both lives and equipment to the allied armies.
As he put his plans into action, there was a requirement for ever larger air-dropped ordnance as targeting evolved, and the need for greater destructive power became apparent. With the war's progression, the size of medium and high capacity bombs increased with 4,000Ib, 8,000Ib and 12,000Ib (collectively known as Blockbuster or Cookie) coming on stream to equip frontline squadrons, but before doing so, testing was required.
The process began on the ground as endless factors would need consideration before a munition could be released to service. These included evaluating the weapon's design through the study of drawings and reports, to how it would be handled in the field by hard-pressed groundcrews, working on a freezing cold, rain-lashed airfield up on the east coast.
Aircrew, armourers, maintenance staff, manufacturers, designers and range personnel were all consulted for their input before the weapon had even left the ground. As is usually the case, the more people involved, the more complex the task becomes. But it was necessary as it really needed to be known that the bomb you were carrying hundreds of miles into enemy territory would actually do the job it was designed for.
The day would come when all the meetings, arguments and opinions would be put to the test with a drop from the air of an inert munition. Release characteristics and stability would be studied and fed back to enable changes to be made, along with flight testing of how an aircraft reacted in various scenarios with the weapon onboard. When everyone was satisfied, a live test would be undertaken, which would be observed and filmed from the ground to evaluate if the munition was fit to enter service or whether more work was required. Often the tests would be attended by senior staff from the A&AEE as well as those from the military.
Ashley Walk was at the forefront with aiding the Establishment in bomb development, delivery methods and techniques. To cater for this, the facilities at the range were required to keep pace with testing needs and a host of targets were built. Evidence of many of the targets can still be found on the ground today, in part due to the fact that they were marked by chalk, which is alien to the New Forest. The chalk was imported to mark targets so they could be seen from the air. Where the chalk was placed it stopped future generations of vegetation from growing back, hence why letters, symbols and lines can still be clearly seen.
At the start of the Second World War, the range of air-dropped ordnance available to the RAF could be best described as limited and inadequate. As the conflict progressed, heavier bombs were designed and developed to allow the fight to be taken to the enemy on a scale never seen before.
In February 1942, Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command. Around the same time, the RAF began to replace their Wellington, Whitley, Hampden and Blenheim bombers with the larger four-engine Halifax and Lancaster, which could carry a bigger load for a greater distance. Up until this time, the results from the effort expended by the Command in bombing Germany were not reaping the results that had been expected. Harris was brought in to make the Command a more efficient force, something that he did, not without a little (unjust) controversy, until the war's end. It was his view that the way to defeat Germany was by strategic bombing, not only to weaken the country's industrial output but also to reduce civilian morale. Harris was convinced the war could be won from the air without the need for land operations, which would be costly in both lives and equipment to the allied armies.
As he put his plans into action, there was a requirement for ever larger air-dropped ordnance as targeting evolved, and the need for greater destructive power became apparent. With the war's progression, the size of medium and high capacity bombs increased with 4,000Ib, 8,000Ib and 12,000Ib (collectively known as Blockbuster or Cookie) coming on stream to equip frontline squadrons, but before doing so, testing was required.
The process began on the ground as endless factors would need consideration before a munition could be released to service. These included evaluating the weapon's design through the study of drawings and reports, to how it would be handled in the field by hard-pressed groundcrews, working on a freezing cold, rain-lashed airfield up on the east coast.
Aircrew, armourers, maintenance staff, manufacturers, designers and range personnel were all consulted for their input before the weapon had even left the ground. As is usually the case, the more people involved, the more complex the task becomes. But it was necessary as it really needed to be known that the bomb you were carrying hundreds of miles into enemy territory would actually do the job it was designed for.
The day would come when all the meetings, arguments and opinions would be put to the test with a drop from the air of an inert munition. Release characteristics and stability would be studied and fed back to enable changes to be made, along with flight testing of how an aircraft reacted in various scenarios with the weapon onboard. When everyone was satisfied, a live test would be undertaken, which would be observed and filmed from the ground to evaluate if the munition was fit to enter service or whether more work was required. Often the tests would be attended by senior staff from the A&AEE as well as those from the military.
Ashley Walk was at the forefront with aiding the Establishment in bomb development, delivery methods and techniques. To cater for this, the facilities at the range were required to keep pace with testing needs and a host of targets were built. Evidence of many of the targets can still be found on the ground today, in part due to the fact that they were marked by chalk, which is alien to the New Forest. The chalk was imported to mark targets so they could be seen from the air. Where the chalk was placed it stopped future generations of vegetation from growing back, hence why letters, symbols and lines can still be clearly seen.
Targeting Facilities
There were a multitude of targets, which are described as follows and detailed on the map above:
Air to Ground Targets: There were two near the western edge of the HER. The targets consisted of yellow and black squares and were used for guns up to 40-mm and rockets of 3-inch diameter.
The Line Target: This consisted of a 10ft wide line of some 2,000 yards in length, terminating with a white marked cross, with arms of 100 yards. The target was created using chalk. Its purpose was to simulate a railway line or road, and it was used to develop ground attack techniques using rockets or bombs.
No. 1 Wall Target: Measuring 40ft wide by 40ft high and constructed of 9-inch reinforced concrete.
No. 2 Wall Target: The same size as above, built on a 9-inch concrete base, which was 200 yards in diameter. From an aerial view, the target is surrounded by a series of concentric circles, which were formed by bulldozing away the topsoil to reveal the bleached gravel. The circles were used to provide a guide to impact distances.
No. 3 Wall Target: Very different to the other two, this was constructed to test Highball and Upkeep mines as designed by Dr Barnes Wallis. The wall was 8ft 10in high, 6ft thick, and 20ft long, faced with 2-inch armour plate. Initially, the Highball mine was tested and carried to release by a De Havilland Mosquito. In August 1943, the wall was extended by 90ft to allow for the testing of Upkeep. This was the mine that was originally used during the famous Dams Raid, which took place in May 1943 and was carried by specially modified Avro Lancasters.
Ship Target: As the name suggests, the target was designed to represent a ship and was located on flat ground at Cockley Plain. The target was constructed from steel plates and heavy-angle iron girders. It was used to test the effectiveness and penetrating power of 20 and 40-mm cannons, air-to-ground rockets and the 6-pounder gun, which equipped a small number of Coastal Command Mosquitos.
Fragmentation Targets: Two areas on the range were set aside for the testing of fragmentation bombs. The areas known as A, B, C and D were marked in chalk with their designated letters so they were visible from the air. Sites A and B were located near Alderman Bottom. Aircraft pens were constructed here in line with the design that the Luftwaffe used. The pens themselves would contain time-expired or redundant aircraft, with the purpose of showing the effects of the various types of ordnance and the protection offered by the enclosure.
Sites C and D were located to the east of Coopers Hill. This area was used to test fragmentation bombs against surface targets such as trenches and command posts. Within the trenches, dummies would be placed, and the results of the ordnance used against these would be evaluated to gauge its effectiveness.
Ministry of Home Security Target (Submarine Pen): This target presents something of a mystery; some say it was built to represent a U-boat pen located on the French Atlantic coast. Recently released records also give credence to the target structure being designed to test the effects of explosives with a view to developing more resilient public air raid shelters.
The theory of it being a mock submarine pen does hold water (excuse the pun) though. When it became evident that the Germans were building substantial concrete pens on the French coast to house their U-boats, the RAF were keen to destroy them, but evaluation was required on how they could be best penetrated. In order to simulate the structures, a replica was built at Ashley Walk in September 1941 at a cost of £250,000. A huge concrete raft 6ft thick and measuring 79ft by 70ft was constructed. Supported on five walls, 6ft high, the structure was built on a foundation 20 inches thick. The outer walls were 3ft 3in thick with inner walls of 1ft 9in.
The RAF tried many times to destroy the pen but was not successful, as the bombs used were, in reality, rather small to make an impression on such a massively constructed structure. There also appears to be some evidence that actually getting bombs on target was an issue. It would not be until later in the war that the RAF managed to penetrate the submarine pens in France. In order to do this, 12,000Ib Tallboy and 22,000lb Grand Slam bombs were used.
Air to Ground Targets: There were two near the western edge of the HER. The targets consisted of yellow and black squares and were used for guns up to 40-mm and rockets of 3-inch diameter.
The Line Target: This consisted of a 10ft wide line of some 2,000 yards in length, terminating with a white marked cross, with arms of 100 yards. The target was created using chalk. Its purpose was to simulate a railway line or road, and it was used to develop ground attack techniques using rockets or bombs.
No. 1 Wall Target: Measuring 40ft wide by 40ft high and constructed of 9-inch reinforced concrete.
No. 2 Wall Target: The same size as above, built on a 9-inch concrete base, which was 200 yards in diameter. From an aerial view, the target is surrounded by a series of concentric circles, which were formed by bulldozing away the topsoil to reveal the bleached gravel. The circles were used to provide a guide to impact distances.
No. 3 Wall Target: Very different to the other two, this was constructed to test Highball and Upkeep mines as designed by Dr Barnes Wallis. The wall was 8ft 10in high, 6ft thick, and 20ft long, faced with 2-inch armour plate. Initially, the Highball mine was tested and carried to release by a De Havilland Mosquito. In August 1943, the wall was extended by 90ft to allow for the testing of Upkeep. This was the mine that was originally used during the famous Dams Raid, which took place in May 1943 and was carried by specially modified Avro Lancasters.
Ship Target: As the name suggests, the target was designed to represent a ship and was located on flat ground at Cockley Plain. The target was constructed from steel plates and heavy-angle iron girders. It was used to test the effectiveness and penetrating power of 20 and 40-mm cannons, air-to-ground rockets and the 6-pounder gun, which equipped a small number of Coastal Command Mosquitos.
Fragmentation Targets: Two areas on the range were set aside for the testing of fragmentation bombs. The areas known as A, B, C and D were marked in chalk with their designated letters so they were visible from the air. Sites A and B were located near Alderman Bottom. Aircraft pens were constructed here in line with the design that the Luftwaffe used. The pens themselves would contain time-expired or redundant aircraft, with the purpose of showing the effects of the various types of ordnance and the protection offered by the enclosure.
Sites C and D were located to the east of Coopers Hill. This area was used to test fragmentation bombs against surface targets such as trenches and command posts. Within the trenches, dummies would be placed, and the results of the ordnance used against these would be evaluated to gauge its effectiveness.
Ministry of Home Security Target (Submarine Pen): This target presents something of a mystery; some say it was built to represent a U-boat pen located on the French Atlantic coast. Recently released records also give credence to the target structure being designed to test the effects of explosives with a view to developing more resilient public air raid shelters.
The theory of it being a mock submarine pen does hold water (excuse the pun) though. When it became evident that the Germans were building substantial concrete pens on the French coast to house their U-boats, the RAF were keen to destroy them, but evaluation was required on how they could be best penetrated. In order to simulate the structures, a replica was built at Ashley Walk in September 1941 at a cost of £250,000. A huge concrete raft 6ft thick and measuring 79ft by 70ft was constructed. Supported on five walls, 6ft high, the structure was built on a foundation 20 inches thick. The outer walls were 3ft 3in thick with inner walls of 1ft 9in.
The RAF tried many times to destroy the pen but was not successful, as the bombs used were, in reality, rather small to make an impression on such a massively constructed structure. There also appears to be some evidence that actually getting bombs on target was an issue. It would not be until later in the war that the RAF managed to penetrate the submarine pens in France. In order to do this, 12,000Ib Tallboy and 22,000lb Grand Slam bombs were used.
Testing of Highball and Upkeep
The story of the Wallis-designed Upkeep mine as used by the Dambusters in May 1943 is well known, but that of its smaller sibling, Highball, is not. On 2 April 1943, a directive entitled Operation Highball was issued from the Headquarters of Coastal Command. This was the name given to a special mining weapon, together with the training and the exercises that accompanied the project. The unit responsible for the testing and development of the munition was No. 618 Squadron equipped with De Havilland Mosquito IVs, which formed at RAF Skitten (satellite to RAF Wick) as part of No. 18 Group, under the command of Wg Cdr G. H. B. Hutchinson.
The unit's ORB states the following: 'The squadron was formed for the purpose of attacking the German Fleet in Norway, with a weapon that is still in its final stages of development. To coincide the operational employment of the weapon Highball with that of a Bomber Command Squadron equipped with a somewhat similar weapon, a target date of 15 May 1943 was agreed upon. Intensive training had to be undertaken on a type of aircraft familiar to only a percentage of the squadron and the crews had to become proficient in the handling of the weapon. In order to direct the operation against the main prize of the German Fleet, the Tirpitz, which was lying safe and unscathed in Alten Fjord in Norway, Sumburgh was chosen as the base from which the attack would commence, and preparations to that end proceeded apace'. (Note: the proposed attack on the Tirpitz was known as Operation Servant).
'The weapon itself consists of a spherical depth charge, spun backwards at nearly 1,000 rpm and released from the wall in the fuselage of the aircraft at sea level. The spin causes the sphere (or store) to bounce on impact with the water and to continue bouncing for distances of up to 1,500 yards or so, thus avoiding any attempt to hinder its progress by anti-mine booms and netting. On striking the target, the store rebounds falls into the water still spinning, curves underwater underneath the ship and is exploded by hydrostatic pistols at preselected depths. From the fact that the charge consists of 600Ibs of Torpex and that the explosion is liable to take place under the belly of the ship behind the outer armoured belt, incredible prospects lay ahead of the invention'.
Initial testing was planned to take place on Loch Striven in Scotland, but poor weather prevailed, so it was decided to use Ashley Walk, where the steel-faced No. 3 Wall Target was erected to facilitate the trials. Contemporary footage from April 1943 shows the low-level approach of a Mosquito across the range and the release of the inert mine, which is seen skipping across the land until making rather spectacular contact with a small hut-like structure. It is somewhat alarming to see how near range personnel were standing to the point of impact when the Highball hits its intended target. Also shown is the evasive action the Mosquito had to take to avoid the earth that was thrown up when the mine impacted the ground just after release: www.youtube.com
The ORB goes on to state: 'Trials were undertaken at Ashley Walk against the armoured wall testing ground with the store in a new case and with an aerated resin filling. The stores stood up to the impact more successfully and appeared generally stronger'.
Consideration was given to using Highball for attacks on canals, dry docks, submarine pens and railway tunnels, but due to development problems, the mine was never used operationally. It was decided to use the Highballs that had been manufactured as depth charges, but this, too, did not come to fruition as No. 618 Squadron were grounded on 13 September 1943. The plan was for the unit to await the time when Highball was satisfactorily developed to be used in service, but that day never came. Crews from the unit went on to fly with other Coastal Command squadrons, where they took part in operations against U-boats and shipping. In July 1944, the squadron came back together for operations in the Far East, but as with Highball, they did not see any operational service.
Upkeep mine. Image Andy Shelton.
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Highball was not the last of Wallis's mines tested at Ashley Walk, as in early August 1943, five No. 617 Squadron Lancasters flew from Scampton to Boscombe Down in readiness to undertake tests of forward rotating Upkeep mines at the range. It is of note that some of the aircraft that took part in the Dams operation would now be releasing their mines against a ground target in the New Forest. |
The pilots for the initial trial, from the best available evidence, were Flt Lts D. J. Shannon, W. H. Kellaway, D. J. H. Maltby, Flt Sgt K. W. Brown and Fg Off. Clayton. Shannon and Maltby had flown in Wave 1 with Wg Cdr Guy Gibson during Chastise and had released their Upkeep mines against the Mohne and Eder Dams, which were successfully breached. Brown had taken part in Wave 3 and attacked the Sorpe Dam, which remained intact with slight damage to the crest.
Within the squadron Operations Record Book (ORB), the deployment to Boscombe is described as 'tactical exercises', but the true purpose was to establish if the mine could be used to breach defences on the French coast in anticipation of its potential use in the forthcoming invasion of Europe. Note: There is also some indication that thought had been given to use Upkeep against viaducts in the Ruhr.
On 5 August 1943, the five Lancasters flew in line astern across the range to release their mines at low level, but the air became turbulent. This disturbance was to have a negative impact on one of their number. Lancaster III Type 464 Provisioning ED765 AJ-M had been the first to be modified to carry Upkeep and was flown by No. 617 Squadron for trials work. On the day of the test, Kellaway, piloting the Lancaster, was the last in line to run into the target. As he did so, the aircraft was caught in the slipstream of the one proceeding. In a steep turn over Deadman's Bottom, Kellaway fought for control, which put him on course to collide with pylons on Turf Hill. He tried to fly under them, but in doing so, the bomber's port wingtip clipped the ground, and a crash ensued. Although there were injuries to the crew, they were all extremely fortunate to survive. The wrecked Lancaster caused a problem for the range personnel as being marked with the suffix 'G' denoted it as secret and that it was to be guarded at all times. Until salvage could be undertaken, the wreck was watched over by members of the RAF Regiment who came from nearby RAF Stoney Cross.
The tests continued on 12 August 1943 without further incident, with Plt Off. W. G. Divall and Flt Lt R. A. P. Allsebrook participating in place of Kellaway and Clayton. However, it is unclear if Maltby took part in the trial as his logbook states on the day that, although he was flying from Boscombe Down, he was piloting Lancaster III EE131, which was not modified to carry Upkeep.
It is sad to reflect Maltby, Allsebrook and Divall were lost with their crews on 15 September 1943, when No. 617 Squadron carried out an operation to the Dortmund-Ems Canal while flying from RAF Coningsby. As with Highball, Upkeep was not to see any further use during the war. The remaining mines were disposed of in Operation Guzzle after the conclusion of the conflict.
For many years after the testing of Upkeep, parts of the mine were left where they fell. In the early 1970s, permission was given to members of No. 14 Group (Winchester) Royal Observer Corps (ROC) to retrieve some of the remaining pieces from the range. The parts obtained allowed for the restoration by ROC officer Norman Parker of one complete Upkeep. On 18 May 1975, at a ceremony held at Middle Wallop with Barnes Wallis and Dambuster pilots Dave Shannon and Geoff Rice in attendance, the restored Upkeep was presented at a special ROC event to OC No. 617 Squadron, Wg Cdr C. V. Warrington. The mine was then taken to Scampton, where contemporary photos show it on display with two of Wallis's other designs, Tallboy and Grand Slam, near to then gate guardian Lancaster VII NX611. This aircraft now resides at the Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre, East Kirkby.
Tallboy and Grand Slam
The largest conventional air dropped ordnance used during the war were the 12,000lb Tallboy and the 22,000Ib Grand Slam. Both were designed by Wallis and were known as 'earthquake' bombs. There is a good reason for the name, as when they landed and detonated, a tremor was created that was sufficient to cause serious damage to foundations and structures. Both weapons were tested at Ashley Walk; the Tallboy and Grand Slams were deep penetration munitions with streamlined casings made from high-quality steel with specially hardened nose sections.
The largest conventional air dropped ordnance used during the war were the 12,000lb Tallboy and the 22,000Ib Grand Slam. Both were designed by Wallis and were known as 'earthquake' bombs. There is a good reason for the name, as when they landed and detonated, a tremor was created that was sufficient to cause serious damage to foundations and structures. Both weapons were tested at Ashley Walk; the Tallboy and Grand Slams were deep penetration munitions with streamlined casings made from high-quality steel with specially hardened nose sections.
12,000Ib Tallboy within the grounds of the BBMF Coningsby.
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22,000Ib Grand Slam, BBMF Coningsby.
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The Tallboy was stabilised in flight by four fins inclined at an angle of 5 degrees, which caused it to spin about its axis as it fell. Initially, inert examples were dropped into the range with later live ordnance filled with 5,200Ib of Torpex. The bombs were delivered by a Lancaster, the design of the aircraft allowing the carriage of such large weapons. From the available evidence, the target for the Tallboy was the Ministry of Home Security Target located near Pitts Wood.
Note: Lancaster I DV405 AJ-J was loaned to A&AEE in June 1944 from No. 617 Squadron, but this was after Tallboy trials had commenced. It is unclear which aircraft was used for the initial tests; it is likely to be one of the Establishment's own, as Lancasters were allocated for trials work.
The first live trial of a Tallboy took place at the range on 18 April 1944. Scheduled for the morning, the test was delayed due to poor weather and went ahead at 18.00hrs. To check for accuracy, four small practice bombs were dropped by a Lancaster, flying from Boscombe Down, followed by two dummy runs. On the third run at a speed of 169mph and at a height of 18,000ft, the bomb was released. It landed 100 yards from the intended target, with the sound of the falling munition reaching observers seconds after the impact. Following a short delay, earth and flame were thrown up as it detonated. It had taken 37 seconds from release to impact with a terminal velocity of 1,000ft per second reached. The crater created by the Tallboy was 92ft in diameter and almost perfectly circular, with a depth between 20 to 30ft.
On the same day, a second was dropped with results similar to that of the first. The trials were thought to be a success, and it was considered that the Tallboy would be a good weapon to use against rigid structures. Further tests took place on 24 and 25 April, with six Tallboys dropped; in the nose of the Lancaster was Flt Lt Asbury DFC (RAAF) of No. 617 Squadron who acted as air bomber. The munitions designer Wallis considered that a direct hit would penetrate the target, while a near miss would cause severe disruption. Continued testing of Tallboy took place at Ashley Walk on 11 May 1944, when two more were dropped to provide fuzing data. After proving satisfactory, it was time for the weapon to be used in anger.
The first operational use of Tallboy occurred on 8/9 June 1944, when No. 617 Squadron Lancasters successfully bombed and blocked the railway tunnel at Saumur, France. The operation also included the use of four Lancasters from No. 83 Squadron, who provided clusters of flares (and later their own bomb loads) to aid Leader and Marker Wg Cdr L. Cheshire (flying Mosquito VI MS993) in locating the tunnel mouth so that he could use spot flares to mark it for the attacking force led by Deputy Leader, Sqn Ldr L. Munro. The blocking of the tunnel was important in aiding the recent invasion of Normandy, as it denied the Germans the use of a railway that was vital in transporting men and equipment from southwestern France to the front on the Atlantic Wall.
Tallboy was a valuable asset to the RAF's weapons inventory, and a second unit, No. 9 Squadron based at RAF Bardney, was also equipped to carry the munition. Both Nos. 9 and 617 Squadrons went on to attack high-value targets, including U-boat pens, canals, viaducts, the battleship Tirpitz, which they sunk and even Hitler's Berghof. By the war's end, 854 of Wallis's deep penetration bombs had been dropped.
Following on from the Tallboy, things got even bigger with the introduction of Grand Slam (originally known as Tallboy Large). The bomb's development had been stopped in September 1944 as it was considered that the war would be over by Christmas. However, after the failure of Operation Market Garden, development resumed. It was also felt that although the Tallboy was a very effective weapon, some shortcomings had come to light, and a bigger device was required.
Grand Slam was to be the largest non-nuclear air-dropped weapon used in the war and was the culmination of five years of Wallis's work. Weighing in at 22,000Ib, this bomb was essentially of the same design as the Tallboy but of increased size and contained 9,135Ib of Torpex. It was so large that specially designed Lancasters were required to carry the weapon. Known as the B.1 (Special), the first two examples came off Avro's production line in February 1945 with serials PB995 and PB592/G. The two aircraft were sent to A&AEE, where they commenced testing. In order to save weight, the B.1 (Special) was devoid of front and mid-upper turrets and many other items of equipment normally found on a Lancaster, including bomb doors.
The first Grand Slam had reached No. 617 Squadron's home airfield at Woodhall Spa in January 1945, but it was still to be tested. To prove the effectiveness of the new munition, it was decided, like its smaller brother Tallboy, to evaluate it against the concrete target at Ashley Walk. Bad weather during early March 1945 curtailed the first drop, but on the 13th of the month, Lancaster B.1 Special PB592/G from the A&AEE released a live Grand Slam, which impacted near Pitts Wood. The Lancaster was flying at 18,000ft above Sandy Balls, and as the bomb descended, it was observed on the ground by a large group of people, including its designer. The munition buried itself deep into the ground 350ft from the target and, after a delay of nine seconds, exploded, producing a crater of 124ft in diameter and 34ft deep.
There is some evidence that the inhabitants of local villages did not have prior warning of the live test. If this were the case, on this particular Tuesday, they would, in all likelihood, have felt the earth move. Only one Grand Slam was evaluated at Ashley Walk as the high cost of production precluded further testing. In reality, there was no need anyway, as it showed what the bomb could do. A call to Woodhall Spa was made and a message passed that the weapon had worked perfectly. Official clearance to use Grand Slam did not come until 22 March 1945, but it would appear that C Flight of No. 617 Squadron couldn't wait to try out its new ordnance.
On the same day as the test, Grp Cpt J. E. Fauquier and Sqn Ldr C. C. Calder, piloting PD112 YZ-S and PD119 YZ-J, respectively, took off from Woodhall Spa with Grand Slams aboard and flew to Bielefeld, near Munster with a view to taking down the railway viaduct. The structure to date had led a charmed life and had defied all efforts to bring about its destruction. Accompanying the B.1 Specials were Tallboy-carrying Lancasters, but the operation was frustrated by poor weather and bombing was not possible. The raiding force brought back their precious cargos, with Fauquier and Calder landing with the war's heaviest bomb onboard at Carnaby, an alternate airfield chosen for its long runway. Of note is that the squadron's ORB states all aircraft carried Tallboys during this operation. Also, on this day, No. 9 Squadron attacked the Arnsberg Viaduct in the North Rhine–Westphalia region of Germany. However, the weather was unfavourable, and only two Lancasters released their loads.
The next day, the operation was back on; this time, the weather, although hazy, allowed Lancasters of Nos. 9 and 617 Squadrons to complete their attacks on the two viaducts. The B.1 Specials were still at Carnaby, and it was from here that Calder took off, leaving Fauquier (PD119) behind as his Stabilised Automatic Bombsight went unserviceable. Calder had noted his boss's predicament, and sensing he would try to requisition his Lancaster, he ignored the C/O's gesticulations and took off, much to the senior officer's anger.
At 16.28.25hrs, from 11,965ft, Flt Lt C. Crafer, the air bomber aboard PD112, released his Grand Slam towards Bielefeld Viaduct. The result, 100 yards of the structure collapsed due to the earthquake effect created by the bomb. Within the unit's ORB, the munition is described as a 'Special Store'; the Arnsberg Viaduct, No. 9 Squadron's target, was, however, later found to be undamaged. It is said that the residents near Bielefeld were somewhat relieved the viaduct had been brought down, as it would now mean the cessation of the constant attention of the RAF.
On the following day, No. 617 Squadron received the following from AVM H Constantine, AOC No. 5 Group: "I've just seen a stereo-pair of the Bielefeld Viaduct taken after your visit yesterday afternoon, my congratulations on your accurate bombing. You have certainly made a proper mess of it this time and incidentally added another page to your history by being the first squadron to drop the biggest bomb on Germany so far, good work. Keep up the training we can't afford to put these little pets in the wrong place".
The Arnsberg Viaduct's luck ran out on 19 March 1945, when No. 617 Squadron attacked with 6 Grand Slams, which sealed its fate, leaving a 40ft gap blown in the structure. In total, 41 of the weapons were dropped by the squadron's Lancasters before the war's end. Aside from the atomic bomb, the Grand Slam was probably the most effective air-dropped weapon used during the Second World War.
With the end of the war coming in August 1945, Ashley Walk closed in the following year. Before the range could be handed back, there was a need to clear the area of live ordnance. It would appear that this took some time to achieve, as the Verderers were not informed until 24 July 1948 that the site was free from explosives.
Today all is quiet at the former range, and nature has reclaimed its land back from the days of noise, explosions, flying shrapnel and minor earth tremors. The ponies can again graze in peace around their artificial pond; no doubt some walkers may even contemplate how it was formed. It is hoped this could fuel their imagination to find out more and keep Ashley Walk's former history alive for generations yet to come.
Note: Lancaster I DV405 AJ-J was loaned to A&AEE in June 1944 from No. 617 Squadron, but this was after Tallboy trials had commenced. It is unclear which aircraft was used for the initial tests; it is likely to be one of the Establishment's own, as Lancasters were allocated for trials work.
The first live trial of a Tallboy took place at the range on 18 April 1944. Scheduled for the morning, the test was delayed due to poor weather and went ahead at 18.00hrs. To check for accuracy, four small practice bombs were dropped by a Lancaster, flying from Boscombe Down, followed by two dummy runs. On the third run at a speed of 169mph and at a height of 18,000ft, the bomb was released. It landed 100 yards from the intended target, with the sound of the falling munition reaching observers seconds after the impact. Following a short delay, earth and flame were thrown up as it detonated. It had taken 37 seconds from release to impact with a terminal velocity of 1,000ft per second reached. The crater created by the Tallboy was 92ft in diameter and almost perfectly circular, with a depth between 20 to 30ft.
On the same day, a second was dropped with results similar to that of the first. The trials were thought to be a success, and it was considered that the Tallboy would be a good weapon to use against rigid structures. Further tests took place on 24 and 25 April, with six Tallboys dropped; in the nose of the Lancaster was Flt Lt Asbury DFC (RAAF) of No. 617 Squadron who acted as air bomber. The munitions designer Wallis considered that a direct hit would penetrate the target, while a near miss would cause severe disruption. Continued testing of Tallboy took place at Ashley Walk on 11 May 1944, when two more were dropped to provide fuzing data. After proving satisfactory, it was time for the weapon to be used in anger.
The first operational use of Tallboy occurred on 8/9 June 1944, when No. 617 Squadron Lancasters successfully bombed and blocked the railway tunnel at Saumur, France. The operation also included the use of four Lancasters from No. 83 Squadron, who provided clusters of flares (and later their own bomb loads) to aid Leader and Marker Wg Cdr L. Cheshire (flying Mosquito VI MS993) in locating the tunnel mouth so that he could use spot flares to mark it for the attacking force led by Deputy Leader, Sqn Ldr L. Munro. The blocking of the tunnel was important in aiding the recent invasion of Normandy, as it denied the Germans the use of a railway that was vital in transporting men and equipment from southwestern France to the front on the Atlantic Wall.
Tallboy was a valuable asset to the RAF's weapons inventory, and a second unit, No. 9 Squadron based at RAF Bardney, was also equipped to carry the munition. Both Nos. 9 and 617 Squadrons went on to attack high-value targets, including U-boat pens, canals, viaducts, the battleship Tirpitz, which they sunk and even Hitler's Berghof. By the war's end, 854 of Wallis's deep penetration bombs had been dropped.
Following on from the Tallboy, things got even bigger with the introduction of Grand Slam (originally known as Tallboy Large). The bomb's development had been stopped in September 1944 as it was considered that the war would be over by Christmas. However, after the failure of Operation Market Garden, development resumed. It was also felt that although the Tallboy was a very effective weapon, some shortcomings had come to light, and a bigger device was required.
Grand Slam was to be the largest non-nuclear air-dropped weapon used in the war and was the culmination of five years of Wallis's work. Weighing in at 22,000Ib, this bomb was essentially of the same design as the Tallboy but of increased size and contained 9,135Ib of Torpex. It was so large that specially designed Lancasters were required to carry the weapon. Known as the B.1 (Special), the first two examples came off Avro's production line in February 1945 with serials PB995 and PB592/G. The two aircraft were sent to A&AEE, where they commenced testing. In order to save weight, the B.1 (Special) was devoid of front and mid-upper turrets and many other items of equipment normally found on a Lancaster, including bomb doors.
The first Grand Slam had reached No. 617 Squadron's home airfield at Woodhall Spa in January 1945, but it was still to be tested. To prove the effectiveness of the new munition, it was decided, like its smaller brother Tallboy, to evaluate it against the concrete target at Ashley Walk. Bad weather during early March 1945 curtailed the first drop, but on the 13th of the month, Lancaster B.1 Special PB592/G from the A&AEE released a live Grand Slam, which impacted near Pitts Wood. The Lancaster was flying at 18,000ft above Sandy Balls, and as the bomb descended, it was observed on the ground by a large group of people, including its designer. The munition buried itself deep into the ground 350ft from the target and, after a delay of nine seconds, exploded, producing a crater of 124ft in diameter and 34ft deep.
There is some evidence that the inhabitants of local villages did not have prior warning of the live test. If this were the case, on this particular Tuesday, they would, in all likelihood, have felt the earth move. Only one Grand Slam was evaluated at Ashley Walk as the high cost of production precluded further testing. In reality, there was no need anyway, as it showed what the bomb could do. A call to Woodhall Spa was made and a message passed that the weapon had worked perfectly. Official clearance to use Grand Slam did not come until 22 March 1945, but it would appear that C Flight of No. 617 Squadron couldn't wait to try out its new ordnance.
On the same day as the test, Grp Cpt J. E. Fauquier and Sqn Ldr C. C. Calder, piloting PD112 YZ-S and PD119 YZ-J, respectively, took off from Woodhall Spa with Grand Slams aboard and flew to Bielefeld, near Munster with a view to taking down the railway viaduct. The structure to date had led a charmed life and had defied all efforts to bring about its destruction. Accompanying the B.1 Specials were Tallboy-carrying Lancasters, but the operation was frustrated by poor weather and bombing was not possible. The raiding force brought back their precious cargos, with Fauquier and Calder landing with the war's heaviest bomb onboard at Carnaby, an alternate airfield chosen for its long runway. Of note is that the squadron's ORB states all aircraft carried Tallboys during this operation. Also, on this day, No. 9 Squadron attacked the Arnsberg Viaduct in the North Rhine–Westphalia region of Germany. However, the weather was unfavourable, and only two Lancasters released their loads.
The next day, the operation was back on; this time, the weather, although hazy, allowed Lancasters of Nos. 9 and 617 Squadrons to complete their attacks on the two viaducts. The B.1 Specials were still at Carnaby, and it was from here that Calder took off, leaving Fauquier (PD119) behind as his Stabilised Automatic Bombsight went unserviceable. Calder had noted his boss's predicament, and sensing he would try to requisition his Lancaster, he ignored the C/O's gesticulations and took off, much to the senior officer's anger.
At 16.28.25hrs, from 11,965ft, Flt Lt C. Crafer, the air bomber aboard PD112, released his Grand Slam towards Bielefeld Viaduct. The result, 100 yards of the structure collapsed due to the earthquake effect created by the bomb. Within the unit's ORB, the munition is described as a 'Special Store'; the Arnsberg Viaduct, No. 9 Squadron's target, was, however, later found to be undamaged. It is said that the residents near Bielefeld were somewhat relieved the viaduct had been brought down, as it would now mean the cessation of the constant attention of the RAF.
On the following day, No. 617 Squadron received the following from AVM H Constantine, AOC No. 5 Group: "I've just seen a stereo-pair of the Bielefeld Viaduct taken after your visit yesterday afternoon, my congratulations on your accurate bombing. You have certainly made a proper mess of it this time and incidentally added another page to your history by being the first squadron to drop the biggest bomb on Germany so far, good work. Keep up the training we can't afford to put these little pets in the wrong place".
The Arnsberg Viaduct's luck ran out on 19 March 1945, when No. 617 Squadron attacked with 6 Grand Slams, which sealed its fate, leaving a 40ft gap blown in the structure. In total, 41 of the weapons were dropped by the squadron's Lancasters before the war's end. Aside from the atomic bomb, the Grand Slam was probably the most effective air-dropped weapon used during the Second World War.
With the end of the war coming in August 1945, Ashley Walk closed in the following year. Before the range could be handed back, there was a need to clear the area of live ordnance. It would appear that this took some time to achieve, as the Verderers were not informed until 24 July 1948 that the site was free from explosives.
Today all is quiet at the former range, and nature has reclaimed its land back from the days of noise, explosions, flying shrapnel and minor earth tremors. The ponies can again graze in peace around their artificial pond; no doubt some walkers may even contemplate how it was formed. It is hoped this could fuel their imagination to find out more and keep Ashley Walk's former history alive for generations yet to come.
What Remains on the Ground Today?
Ashley Walk today is a very quiet place with acres of beautiful Hampshire countryside just waiting to be explored by anyone who enjoys a good walk and wants to find a piece of wartime history. The sounds of the Merlin and Hercules are long gone. However, the evidence of range activities is still there to be found, although some of them take a little looking for. Visitors should be aware that occasionally, live ordnance is still unearthed on the range, and care should be exercised if anything suspicious comes to the surface. Anyone considering a visit should orientate themselves by having a look on Google Earth (GE) to see the lay of the land.
Ashley Walk today is a very quiet place with acres of beautiful Hampshire countryside just waiting to be explored by anyone who enjoys a good walk and wants to find a piece of wartime history. The sounds of the Merlin and Hercules are long gone. However, the evidence of range activities is still there to be found, although some of them take a little looking for. Visitors should be aware that occasionally, live ordnance is still unearthed on the range, and care should be exercised if anything suspicious comes to the surface. Anyone considering a visit should orientate themselves by having a look on Google Earth (GE) to see the lay of the land.
Bomb Craters
These are still very evident today, and parts of the range resemble a lunar landscape. The main area is littered with craters, many resembling small ponds full of water, some providing a habitat where Damselflies now flourish.
These are still very evident today, and parts of the range resemble a lunar landscape. The main area is littered with craters, many resembling small ponds full of water, some providing a habitat where Damselflies now flourish.
One of many bomb craters that still exist on the range.
Chalk and Concrete
Chalk is very evident even after all these years of closure. Today, where the chalk was used, native plants will not grow, this has helped to ensure the target markers have not become overgrown. There is also evidence of the concrete segments used within the inert Upkeeps, still in-situ out on the range.
Chalk is very evident even after all these years of closure. Today, where the chalk was used, native plants will not grow, this has helped to ensure the target markers have not become overgrown. There is also evidence of the concrete segments used within the inert Upkeeps, still in-situ out on the range.
The remains of the concrete inserts used within Upkeep.
The Line Target
This is still in place although it does get a little difficult to trace after it has passed over the Ministry of Home Security Target. The target's termination is easily identifiable as a large white cross again marked by chalk. In its early stages it resembles a long straight footpath cutting across the range and can be clearly seen on GE.
This is still in place although it does get a little difficult to trace after it has passed over the Ministry of Home Security Target. The target's termination is easily identifiable as a large white cross again marked by chalk. In its early stages it resembles a long straight footpath cutting across the range and can be clearly seen on GE.
The Line Target.
No. 1 Wall Target
Not much evidence can be seen of this target at ground level. However, from GE, its base impression can still be discerned on the ground.
No. 2 Wall Target
This now appears on the ground as a large circle that looks out of place to its surroundings. GE shows the target very clearly as a large sand-coloured disk. The concrete apron that circled the target was broken up for hardcore some years back.
No. 3 Wall Target
The former target now appears only as a long, low mound of earth. Today, thorn bushes are growing on it, and there is evidence of rubble. It is understood that the wall was undermined along its length and then simply pushed over and buried.
Not much evidence can be seen of this target at ground level. However, from GE, its base impression can still be discerned on the ground.
No. 2 Wall Target
This now appears on the ground as a large circle that looks out of place to its surroundings. GE shows the target very clearly as a large sand-coloured disk. The concrete apron that circled the target was broken up for hardcore some years back.
No. 3 Wall Target
The former target now appears only as a long, low mound of earth. Today, thorn bushes are growing on it, and there is evidence of rubble. It is understood that the wall was undermined along its length and then simply pushed over and buried.
Ship Target
This target's remains are visible on Cockley Plain in the form of a concrete base and foundations with metal bolts still in place.
This target's remains are visible on Cockley Plain in the form of a concrete base and foundations with metal bolts still in place.
Remains of the Ship Target.
Ministry of Home Security Target
The remains of this are still very much in evidence as a large mound of earth that covers the concrete structure. It was massively built, and demolition was not considered an option after the war; therefore, it was covered over with earth. Concrete is starting to show through where erosion of its covering is taking place. Many people walk past this mound and have no idea what its former use would have been.
Fragmentation Targets
All of the letters A, B, C and D can still be seen on the ground, although you need a GPS device to effectively find some of them.
The remains of this are still very much in evidence as a large mound of earth that covers the concrete structure. It was massively built, and demolition was not considered an option after the war; therefore, it was covered over with earth. Concrete is starting to show through where erosion of its covering is taking place. Many people walk past this mound and have no idea what its former use would have been.
Fragmentation Targets
All of the letters A, B, C and D can still be seen on the ground, although you need a GPS device to effectively find some of them.
Tallboy Crater
This crater resembles a small open expanse of water, and it is often now used by New Forest ponies as a watering hole. It is the most obvious surviving crater formed by a deep penetration bomb. Incidentally, the only live test Grand Slam crater was filled in after the war.
This crater resembles a small open expanse of water, and it is often now used by New Forest ponies as a watering hole. It is the most obvious surviving crater formed by a deep penetration bomb. Incidentally, the only live test Grand Slam crater was filled in after the war.
Tallboy crater with the Ministry of Home Security Target seen as a mound in the distance.
Observation Hut
This is located near Amberwood and is one of the few remaining structures on the range. If you look carefully at the end wall of the hut, you can see where an enterprising bricklayer has formed the letter V, presumably for Victory.
This is located near Amberwood and is one of the few remaining structures on the range. If you look carefully at the end wall of the hut, you can see where an enterprising bricklayer has formed the letter V, presumably for Victory.
Direction Arrows
Two large concrete range direction arrows remain in place, one at Hampton Ridge and the other near the site of the former North Observation Tower. These can clearly be seen on GE.
Two large concrete range direction arrows remain in place, one at Hampton Ridge and the other near the site of the former North Observation Tower. These can clearly be seen on GE.
One of the remaining range Directions Arrows.
Illuminated Target
The remains of concrete light boxes and fittings can be found in part of the range known as Ley Gutter.
The remains of concrete light boxes and fittings can be found in part of the range known as Ley Gutter.
Remains of light boxes from the Illuminated Target located in Ley Gutter
The author acknowledges and thanks the help given in the preparation of this article by Antony Pasmore, Frank Pleszak, Charles Foster, Tony Dowland, Dr Robin Owen, Neville Cullingford and The New Forest Research and Publication